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Dynamics Results

Dynamics result cards collect compact statements about how quantum states, expectation values, and eigenvalues respond to time evolution or parameter changes.

ResultMain roleKey assumption to check
Ehrenfest TheoremExpectation values obey force-law-like equationsdomains and force expectation
Virial TheoremStationary bound states relate kinetic and potential averagesbounded stationary state and vanishing boundary terms
Adiabatic TheoremSlow evolution follows instantaneous eigenspacesspectral gap and smooth slow driving
Hellmann–Feynman TheoremEigenvalue derivatives are expectation values of Hamiltonian derivativesexact normalized eigenbranch
  • A dynamics theorem is not a substitute for checking a Hamiltonian’s domain and boundary conditions.
  • Approximate states may require correction terms even when exact-state theorem statements look simple.
  • Time-dependent Hamiltonians often need stronger hypotheses than the time-independent formulas suggest.
  • Degeneracies and level crossings usually change the statement.
  • R. Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed., Springer, 1994.
  • J. J. Sakurai and J. Napolitano, Modern Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, and F. Laloë, Quantum Mechanics, Wiley, 1977.
  • A. Messiah, Quantum Mechanics, Dover, 1999.