Skip to content

Common Operators

This table identifies common operators and where their canonical explanations live.

OperatorSymbolCommon Action or DefinitionCanonical Link
Positionx^\hat x(x^ψ)(x)=xψ(x)(\hat x\psi)(x)=x\psi(x)Position Operator
Momentump^\hat p−iℏ d/dx-i\hbar\,d/dx in position representationMomentum Operator
HamiltonianHHgenerator of time evolutionOperator Library
Angular momentumJ\mathbf J or L\mathbf Lgenerators of rotationsAngular Momentum
SpinS\mathbf Sintrinsic angular momentumSpin
ProjectorPPP2=P=P†P^2=P=P^\daggerProjectors
Density operatorρ\rhopositive trace-one operatorDensity Operator
Number operatorNNa†aa^\dagger aCreation and Annihilation
ParityΠ\Pi(Πψ)(x)=ψ(−x)(\Pi\psi)(x)=\psi(-x)Parity
Time evolutionU(t,t0)U(t,t_0)maps states from t0t_0 to ttTime-Evolution Operator

Operators such as x^\hat x, p^\hat p, and HH are often unbounded. A formula can be algebraically correct but incomplete if it ignores domains and boundary conditions.

  • Confusing an operator with its matrix in one basis.
  • Treating p^=−iℏd/dx\hat p=-i\hbar d/dx as domain-free.
  • Using local operators on tensor-product spaces without identity factors.
  • Calling every Hermitian matrix a physical Hamiltonian without specifying the model.
  • R. Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed., Springer, 1994.
  • J. J. Sakurai and J. Napolitano, Modern Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • M. Reed and B. Simon, Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics I: Functional Analysis, revised and enlarged ed., Academic Press, 1980.